Folk Music of Assam

 

Assam, often called the gateway to Northeast India, is not only known for its lush tea gardens and vibrant festivals but also for its rich tradition of folk music. Rooted in the everyday lives of the people, Assamese folk music is a reflection of the state’s cultural diversity, spiritual practices, and agricultural lifestyle. It brings together influences from indigenous tribes, ancient rituals, and devotional traditions, weaving a soundscape that is both unique and timeless. 

One of the most celebrated forms of Assamese folk music is Bihu songs, which are performed during the Bihu festival, marking the Assamese New Year and the beginning of the agricultural season. These songs are lively, rhythmic, and often accompanied by the dhol, pepa (a hornpipe made from buffalo horn), and taal (cymbals). Bihu songs express themes of love, joy, and youthful energy, capturing the spirit of spring and the deep connection between people and nature. 

Equally important in the musical tradition of Assam is Borgeet, a form of devotional song introduced by the saint-scholar Srimanta Sankardeva in the 15th century. Sung in praise of Lord Krishna, Borgeet forms the backbone of Assamese Vaishnavite culture. Performed in monasteries called Sattras, these songs are set to ragas but are distinct from classical music, carrying a simplicity that makes them accessible to common people while retaining their devotional depth. 

The tribal communities of Assam also contribute significantly to its folk music heritage. The Mising tribe, for instance, is known for Oi Nitom, songs that describe day-to-day life, love, and social customs. The Bodos, another major community, perform Bagurumba, a musical form often accompanied by graceful dances, showcasing their harmony with nature. Each tribe adds its own rhythm, instruments, and stories, enriching the musical landscape of the state. 

Another noteworthy tradition is Zikir and Zari, folk songs introduced by the Muslim saint Ajan Fakir in the 17th century. Zikir songs focus on spiritual teachings, human values, and devotion to God, while Zari songs are connected to the mourning rituals of Muharram. These musical forms highlight the composite culture of Assam, where different faiths and traditions coexist and influence each other. 

The instruments used in Assamese folk music are as distinctive as the songs themselves. The pepa, made from buffalo horn, produces a resonant sound that has become synonymous with Bihu celebrations. The dhol, with its powerful beats, provides the rhythmic backbone for many performances. Other instruments such as the gogona (a reed instrument), toka, and xutuli (a clay whistle shaped like a bird) bring variety and texture to the musical ensemble. 

Today, while modern music and digital platforms are popular among the youth, Assamese folk music continues to hold its ground. Festivals, community gatherings, and cultural programs across the state keep these traditions alive, while many contemporary artists incorporate folk elements into modern genres, ensuring their relevance in changing times. 

The folk music of Assam is more than just a form of entertainment—it is a living expression of the land’s history, spirituality, and collective identity. It binds communities together, passes wisdom across generations, and celebrates the rhythms of life in one of India’s most culturally vibrant states.

Music of Assam

 

Assam, nestled in the northeastern region of India, boasts a rich and vibrant musical heritage. The state is renowned for its diverse array of folk and classical music, each reflecting the culture, traditions, and history of its people. The music of Assam is not merely an art form; it is a medium that conveys the essence of its land and people. 

Folk Music of Assam

Folk music in Assam is deeply rooted in the state’s agrarian lifestyle and cultural traditions. It serves as a means of storytelling, expressing emotions, and celebrating life’s occasions. 

Bihu Songs
Bihu music, associated with the state’s most prominent festival, Bihu, is one of Assam's most well-known folk traditions. These songs are characterized by their lively rhythms and evocative lyrics, celebrating love, nature, and the harvest. Accompanied by traditional instruments like the dhol, pepa (buffalo hornpipe), and gogona (bamboo instrument), Bihu songs create an energetic and festive atmosphere. 

Zikir and Zari Songs
Introduced by the Sufi saint Ajan Fakir, Zikir songs are spiritual hymns that promote peace and unity. Zari songs, on the other hand, are lamentations that narrate events from Islamic history. Both genres reflect the harmonious coexistence of various communities in Assam. 

Tokari Geet and Borgeet
Tokari Geet derives its name from the tokari, a single-stringed instrument used to accompany these songs. These compositions are simple yet profound, often reflecting social and philosophical themes. Borgeet, composed by the 15th-century saint and scholar Srimanta Sankardev, holds a special place in Assamese music. These devotional songs, performed in sattras (Vaishnavite monasteries), follow strict melodic and rhythmic structures. 

Classical Music in Assam

Assamese classical music, while less prominent compared to its folk traditions, has a distinct identity influenced by Indian classical traditions. 

Ankiya Naat and Bhaona Music
Ankiya Naat, a form of one-act play introduced by Srimanta Sankardev, incorporates music as an integral element. The accompanying music, performed during Bhaona (theatrical performances), employs ragas and talas (rhythmic cycles) unique to Assam, making it a vital part of the classical tradition. 

Ojapali
Ojapali is a semi-classical form that combines music, dance, and storytelling. Performed by a group led by an oja (leader), this art form narrates mythological tales, often from the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The music of Ojapali is intricate, requiring performers to have extensive training and skill. 

Instruments and Their Role

Traditional instruments play a vital role in Assamese music. The dhol, nagada (kettle drum), mridanga, bahi (flute), and sutar pepa (reed instrument) enhance the richness of the musical experience. These instruments, crafted from local materials, contribute to the unique sound of Assamese music. 

Preservation and Modern Influence

Efforts to preserve Assamese music are ongoing, with organizations and artists striving to document and promote traditional forms. Modern Assamese musicians often incorporate folk and classical elements into contemporary compositions, keeping the legacy alive while appealing to new audiences. 

The music of Assam is a testament to its cultural diversity and artistic excellence. Its folk and classical traditions continue to inspire and connect communities, offering a timeless glimpse into the state’s vibrant heritage.

Kakaijana Reserve Forest

 

Kakaijana Reserve Forest is a prominent protected area located in the western part of Assam, India. Situated in the Kokrajhar district, it spans across the lower foothills of the Himalayas. This forest reserve covers an area of approximately 20 square kilometers, making it a significant natural habitat in the region. The forest's location is crucial as it forms a part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot, recognized for its high levels of endemism and species richness. 

Ecological Importance

The Kakaijana Reserve Forest plays a pivotal role in maintaining the ecological balance of the region. It is home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic or endangered. The forest's dense vegetation consists of various types of trees, shrubs, and grasses, which provide habitat and food sources for the wildlife. The rich biodiversity in Kakaijana supports numerous ecological functions, including carbon sequestration, soil stabilization, and water regulation, contributing significantly to the overall health of the ecosystem. 

Biodiversity and Wildlife

One of the key highlights of Kakaijana Reserve Forest is its diverse wildlife. The forest is particularly renowned for being a habitat for the golden langur (Trachypithecus geei), an endangered primate species. The presence of the golden langur has elevated the forest's conservation value, attracting the attention of both national and international conservation organizations. In addition to the golden langur, the forest is home to various other mammals, birds, reptiles, and insects. Species such as the Indian bison (Bos gaurus), Indian leopard (Panthera pardus), and several species of deer can be found here. The avian population is equally impressive, with numerous resident and migratory bird species, making it a haven for bird watchers and ornithologists. 

Conservation Efforts

The ecological significance of Kakaijana Reserve Forest has led to concerted conservation efforts aimed at preserving its unique biodiversity. Various government and non-governmental organizations are involved in initiatives to protect and restore the forest. These efforts include anti-poaching measures, habitat restoration projects, and community engagement programs to promote sustainable livelihoods for local communities. The involvement of local communities is particularly important, as their traditional knowledge and practices play a vital role in the forest's conservation. 

Challenges and Future Prospects

Despite its ecological importance, Kakaijana Reserve Forest faces several challenges. Encroachment, illegal logging, and human-wildlife conflict pose significant threats to the forest's integrity. Additionally, climate change impacts, such as altered rainfall patterns and increased temperatures, have the potential to disrupt the forest's delicate balance. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach involving policy interventions, community participation, and scientific research. 

The future prospects for Kakaijana Reserve Forest hinge on the successful implementation of conservation strategies and sustainable management practices. Strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing community-based conservation initiatives, and fostering partnerships between governmental and non-governmental organizations are essential steps towards ensuring the long-term preservation of this vital ecological haven. 

Kakaijana Reserve Forest stands as a testament to India's rich natural heritage and biodiversity. Its strategic location, diverse flora and fauna, and ecological functions underscore its significance in the region. Effective conservation efforts and proactive measures are crucial to safeguarding this ecological gem for future generations. The continued focus on protecting Kakaijana Reserve Forest will contribute not only to regional biodiversity but also to the global effort in preserving natural ecosystems.

Museums of Assam

 

Assam, a state located in the northeastern part of India, is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and vibrant history. Museums of Assam play a crucial role in preserving and showcasing this heritage to both locals and visitors alike. Here, we delve into some of the popular museums that offer a glimpse into the diverse cultural tapestry of Assam.

 

Assam State Museum

The Assam State Museum, situated in the heart of Guwahati, stands as a testament to the state's cultural legacy. Established in 1940, this museum boasts a comprehensive collection spanning various domains such as archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, and ethnography. Visitors can marvel at the exquisite sculptures, ancient manuscripts, rare coins, and traditional artifacts housed within its galleries. The museum's highlight is the display of Assamese traditional attire and jewelry, providing insights into the region's sartorial heritage. 

Srimanta Sankaradeva Kalakshetra

Named after the medieval saint and cultural icon, Srimanta Sankaradeva Kalakshetra serves as a cultural institution dedicated to preserving and promoting Assamese art, literature, and culture. Located in Guwahati, this sprawling complex encompasses a museum, an open-air amphitheater, and various exhibition halls. The museum showcases a diverse collection of artifacts, including traditional handicrafts, musical instruments, and artworks depicting Assamese folklore and religious themes. Visitors can also witness live performances of traditional dance and music, further immersing themselves in Assam's rich cultural heritage. 

Navagraha Museum

Situated atop Chitrachal Hill in Guwahati, Navagraha Museum offers a unique blend of astronomy and mythology. Dedicated to the nine celestial bodies of Hindu astrology, this museum features intricately crafted statues representing each planet, along with information about their astronomical significance and mythological associations. Visitors can explore the exhibits while learning about the influence of planetary movements on human life according to ancient Indian beliefs. The museum's serene location provides panoramic views of the city, adding to the overall experience. 

Jorhat Science Centre and Planetarium

For enthusiasts of science and astronomy, Jorhat Science Centre and Planetarium offers an engaging learning experience. Located in Jorhat, this interactive museum aims to popularize scientific knowledge and foster curiosity among visitors of all ages. The center features hands-on exhibits, interactive displays, and multimedia presentations covering various scientific principles and phenomena. Additionally, the planetarium hosts regular shows that take audiences on virtual journeys through the cosmos, enhancing their understanding of astronomy and space exploration. 

Tribal Museums

Assam's diverse ethnic landscape is reflected in its tribal museums, which offer insights into the unique cultures and traditions of the state's indigenous communities. Museums such as the North East Institute of Fashion Technology and the Northeast Crafts Museum in Guwahati showcase a wide array of tribal artifacts, textiles, and handicrafts, highlighting the craftsmanship and cultural heritage of Assam's tribal societies. Visitors can admire intricate weaves, vibrant textiles, and traditional artworks while gaining a deeper appreciation for the region's cultural diversity.

The museums of Assam serve as repositories of its rich cultural heritage, offering visitors a fascinating journey through time and tradition. From ancient artifacts to contemporary artworks, these museums provide valuable insights into the diverse facets of Assamese culture, making them indispensable destinations for anyone seeking to unravel the mysteries of this enchanting region.

Chief Ministers of Assam

 

Assam, a state in northeastern India, has witnessed significant political transitions over the years, each marked by the leadership of its Chief Ministers. These individuals have played a pivotal role in shaping the destiny of the state, addressing challenges, and ushering in developmental initiatives. In this article, we delve into the contributions of the former Chief Ministers of Assam, providing a comprehensive overview of their tenures, and subsequently, we examine the ongoing leadership under Chief Minister Himanta Biswa Sarma.

 

The early years of statehood saw the leadership of Gopinath Bordoloi, who served as the first Chief Minister of Assam from 1946 to 1950. His tenure was instrumental in stabilizing the newly formed state, navigating through the challenges of post-independence India, and establishing the foundations of governance. Bordoloi's leadership set the tone for subsequent Chief Ministers, emphasizing stability and development. 

Subsequent Chief Ministers, such as Bimala Prasad Chaliha, Mahendra Mohan Choudhry, and Golap Borbora, continued the task of steering Assam through various economic and social challenges. Chaliha, during his tenure from 1957 to 1970, focused on industrialization and agricultural growth. Choudhry, who held office from 1972 to 1978, implemented land reforms and worked towards improving educational infrastructure. Borbora, as Chief Minister from 1982 to 1985, concentrated on issues related to social justice and the welfare of marginalized communities. 

The political landscape of Assam saw significant shifts in the 1980s and 1990s, marked by leaders such as Prafulla Kumar Mahanta and Tarun Gogoi. Mahanta, serving as the Chief Minister from 1985 to 1990 and later from 1996 to 2001, played a crucial role in the Assam Accord, addressing the concerns of the indigenous population. Tarun Gogoi's tenure from 2001 to 2016 witnessed a renewed focus on infrastructure development, education, and health. 

In May 2016, the leadership baton passed to Sarbananda Sonowal, a key figure in Assam's political landscape. Sonowal, from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), aimed to address issues of illegal immigration and propel the state towards economic prosperity. His term witnessed several infrastructure projects and initiatives to boost the agricultural sector. 

In May 2021, Himanta Biswa Sarma assumed the role of Chief Minister, succeeding Sarbananda Sonowal. A seasoned politician and a key BJP strategist, Sarma brought with him a wealth of administrative experience. His tenure has been marked by a pragmatic approach to governance, focusing on inclusive development and addressing the concerns of diverse communities within the state. 

Under Sarma's leadership, Assam has witnessed significant strides in infrastructure development, particularly in the areas of roads, bridges, and connectivity. The Chief Minister's emphasis on healthcare has been evident in the establishment of medical colleges and the strengthening of healthcare infrastructure, especially during the challenging times of the COVID-19 pandemic. 

Additionally, Sarma has been actively involved in addressing environmental concerns, with initiatives aimed at preserving Assam's biodiversity and promoting sustainable development. His commitment to good governance and transparent administration has garnered support from various sections of society. 

The Chief Ministers of Assam have played pivotal roles in shaping the state's trajectory, addressing diverse challenges, and fostering development. The current Chief Minister, Himanta Biswa Sarma, continues this legacy with a focus on inclusive growth and sustainable development, reflecting the evolving needs of Assam in the 21st century. 

Sattriya- Indian Classical Dance from Assam

 

The significance of Sattriya extends beyond its artistic allure. It plays a vital role in preserving Assamese cultural identity and fostering a sense of community. Sattras, the monastic institutions where the dance form originated, continue to be centers of learning and practice, passing down the knowledge and techniques from one generation to the next. The dedication and discipline required to master Sattriya instill a deep sense of devotion and reverence in the dancers, connecting them to their roots and spiritual heritage.

 

Originating in the vaishnavite monasteries of Assam, Sattriya is a classical Indian dance form that has a rich and intriguing history. It was founded in the 15th century by the revered saint and social reformer, Srimanta Sankardeva, who sought to spread the teachings of Lord Krishna through various artistic expressions. Sankardeva incorporated dance movements into his devotional songs, known as Borgeets, giving birth to Sattriya. The dance form evolved within the Sattras, the monastic institutions of Assam, where it was nurtured and preserved by dedicated practitioners. 

Sattriya dancers, also known as Sattriya bhokots, play a central role in bringing this enchanting dance form to life. Traditionally, Sattriya was exclusively performed by male dancers, but today, women have also taken up this art form and contribute to its vibrant legacy. The dancers undergo rigorous training and dedicate themselves to mastering the intricate footwork, graceful movements, and expressive facial expressions that are hallmarks of Sattriya. With years of practice and devotion, they are able to convey narratives from Hindu mythology and Vaishnavite literature, captivating audiences with their artistry. 

The costumes and attire worn by Sattriya dancers are not just decorative elements but also significant symbols. They reflect the cultural heritage and traditions of Assam, and each piece of attire holds its own meaning and significance. The meticulous attention to detail in the costume showcases the reverence and respect that Sattriya dancers have for their art form and the traditions it represents. The combination of vibrant colors, intricate designs, and graceful movements creates a visual spectacle that captivates audiences and transports them into the realm of divine beauty. 

In recent years, Sattriya has gained international recognition, captivating audiences around the world with its unique blend of grace and vigor. Festivals and cultural events provide platforms for Sattriya dancers to showcase their talent, allowing diverse audiences to experience the mesmerizing beauty of this classical art form. Collaborations with other dance styles and musicians have further expanded the artistic horizons of Sattriya, infusing it with new dimensions while maintaining its core essence. 

The future of Sattriya shines brightly, with ongoing efforts to promote its visibility and ensure its longevity. Educational institutions and dedicated academies offer training programs and workshops, nurturing a new generation of Sattriya artists and scholars. Cultural exchange programs and international collaborations enhance its global reach, fostering cross-cultural understanding and appreciation. 

As we delve into the intricate world of Sattriya, we witness the devotion, skill, and passion that infuse every movement. It reminds us of the power of art to transcend language barriers and connect us to our shared humanity. Sattriya dances, with their captivating storytelling and soul-stirring music, transport us to a realm where the divine and the mortal intertwine, evoking emotions, and leaving an indelible impression on our hearts and minds.

For more, visit the link below:

https://www.indianetzone.com/58/sattriya.htm

 

Bihu Dance Form of Assam

 

The Bihu dance of Assam is a vibrant and energetic folk dance form that holds a significant place in the cultural heritage of the northeastern state. Rooted in the agrarian traditions of Assam, Bihu dance is not just a performance but a celebration of life, love, and the cyclical rhythms of nature. In this article, we explore the fascinating history of Bihu dance, the occasions on which it is performed, and the captivating musical instruments that accompany this lively dance form. 

The origins of Bihu dance can be traced back to ancient times when the people of Assam relied heavily on agriculture for their sustenance. It is believed that Bihu dance emerged as a means to express gratitude to the gods for a bountiful harvest and to celebrate the changing seasons. The dance form evolved over the centuries, incorporating elements of different cultures and traditions, and became an integral part of Assamese festivals and rituals.

Bihu dance is characterized by its infectious rhythm and vibrant movements, which reflect the joy and exuberance of the Assamese people. It is traditionally performed by a group of young men and women during the Bihu festivals, which mark the beginning of the different agricultural seasons. The dance is accompanied by the melodious tunes of traditional instruments like the dhol, pepa, and taal. The dancers form a circle or a straight line, swaying and swirling to the lively beats, with intricate footwork and graceful hand gestures. 

The dance routine of Bihu comprises various elements that depict the everyday activities of Assamese village life. These include plowing, sowing seeds, reaping crops, and even romantic courtship. The dancers showcase their agility and skill through swift movements, leaps, and twirls. Bihu dance is not merely a performance; it is a celebration of life, love, and harmony with nature. 

Bihu dance of Assam embodies the spirit and cultural fabric of the state, uniting people in joyous celebration and showcasing the deep connection between humans and nature. From its humble agricultural origins to becoming a symbol of identity and pride, Bihu dance has transcended time and continues to enthrall audiences with its dynamic performances. The colorful costumes worn by the dancers add to the allure and visual splendor, making Bihu dance a truly captivating experience for both performers and spectators alike.

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Brahmaputra River: Ecological, Cultural, and Historical Significance in India

 

The Brahmaputra River, also known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibet, is one of the most significant and iconic rivers in India. This mighty river originates in the Himalayas and flows through Tibet, India, and Bangladesh before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The Brahmaputra River plays a crucial role in the economy, culture, and ecology of the regions it flows through. 

The importance of the Brahmaputra River to India cannot be overstated. It is the lifeline of the Northeastern region of the country, comprising seven states- Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. The river supports a vast range of human activities, including agriculture, fishing, transportation, and tourism. The Brahmaputra is also a vital source of water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation, which is critical for the economic development of the region. 

One of the most significant contributions of the Brahmaputra River is its role in agriculture. The fertile soil of the Brahmaputra Valley is ideal for the cultivation of rice, tea, and other cash crops. The river provides a continuous source of water for irrigation, making it possible for farmers to produce high yields of crops. In addition, the Brahmaputra River is an important source of fish, which is a staple food for millions of people living in the region. 

The Brahmaputra River is also crucial for transportation. It serves as a major artery for goods and people traveling between the Northeastern states of India, Tibet, and Bangladesh. The river is navigable for large cargo ships, which transport goods such as tea, oil, and coal to other parts of India and neighboring countries. The Brahmaputra also supports a bustling tourism industry, with many tourists traveling to the region to experience the river's natural beauty and cultural diversity. 

Another significant contribution of the Brahmaputra River is its potential for hydroelectric power generation. The river has several dams and hydroelectric power plants, which provide electricity to the region. The Brahmaputra River has the potential for further development of hydroelectric power, which could help meet the increasing energy demands of the region. 

Apart from its economic significance, the Brahmaputra River is also a cultural icon. It has played a crucial role in shaping the culture, customs, and traditions of the people living in the region. The river is a source of inspiration for many artists, writers, and poets, who have captured its beauty in their works. The Brahmaputra River is also home to several religious sites, which attract millions of pilgrims every year. 

Despite its significant contributions to the economy, culture, and ecology of the region, the Brahmaputra River faces several challenges. The river is highly prone to flooding, which causes widespread damage to crops, property, and infrastructure. The Brahmaputra River is also heavily polluted, with untreated sewage and industrial waste being dumped into the river. This pollution not only affects the river's aquatic life but also poses a health hazard to the people living in the region.

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Assamese Language

  

Assamese is the official language of the state of Assam in India. This language belongs to the easternmost group of Indo Aryan languages. Apart from Assam, it is also spoken in several parts of the state of Arunachal Pradesh and some more North Eastern Indian states. Assamese language is basically found along the Brahmaputra valley.

It is the easternmost native Indo-European language and is spoken by over 15 million native speakers. Its sister languages consist of Maithili, Oriya, Chittagonian, Sylheti, Angika, Bishnupriya, Rohingya and Chakma. It is written in Assamese script, from left to right, with a large number of typographic ligatures.

Assamese literature
The prominent works in Assamese literature include ‘Giti Ramayana’, several poems and songs, etc. It was followed by a generation of novelists, writers and poets like Rajanikanta Bardaloi (1867-1939), Chandra Kumar Agarwala (1867-1938), Padmanath Gohain Baruwa (1871-1946), Hiteshwar Bezbarua (1871-1931), Benudhar Raj Khowa (1872-1935) and many more. Moreover several contemporary writers like Raghunath Chaudhari also wrote generously at the age of social reforms and nationalism. From the 15th and 16th centuries, songs like ‘Borgeets’, dramas like ‘Ankiya Naat’ and the first prose writings (by Bhattadeva) were created. The fictional language, based on the western dialects of Assam moved to the court of the ‘Ahom’ kingdom in the 17th century, where it became the state language. This period saw the well-known development of identical prose infused with spoken forms in ‘Buranjis’.

History of Assamese Language
The beginning of Assamese language is not comprehensible. Some suppose that it derived from ‘Kamarupi Prakrit’ used in earliest ‘Kamarupa’ Kingdom. On the other hand, it is believed that Assamese language developed at least before 7th century CE from the middle Indo-Aryan Magadhi Prakrit, but in some ways more ancient than Vedic Sanskrit with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.The earliest forms of Assamese in literature are found in the ninth-century Buddhist verses called ‘Charyapada’. In the late 13th century AD, Hema Saraswati, one of the oldest Assamese writers, wrote the very popular 'Prahlada Charita'. Another renowned figure of Assamese literature was ‘Madhava Kandali’.

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Folk Music of Assam

  

Folk Music of Assam is equally rich like the state’s rich culture. Its richness can be very well noticed in its different types of folk music which reflects the life of the folk people. Since the origin of the mighty Brahmaputra River, Assamese music has been affluent. Nevertheless, the introduction of Indian Classical music and Religious music of Mahapurux Sankardeva and Madhavdeva has added precious stones to the coronet of Assamese folk music, which dates back to several centuries and evidences of practice of music are found during the 2nd century.

Folk Music of Assam is rich and encompasses different types of folk music. Some of the famous Folk Music of Assam is as follows;

Bihu Geet: The festival of Bihu is the heart and soul of Assamese culture and Bihugeet are the songs sung during this festival. The carnival of life is expressed through Bihu songs. These songs are performed by youth, which is characterized by, flinging and flipping of hands, brisk stepping and swaying of hips.

Kamrupiya Lokageet: Kamrupiya Lokageet is a popular form of folk music of Assam, which is basically sung in lower Assam. This music developed during the reign of Kamrupa Kingdom. These songs are based on various human emotions, especially of common people. It is known for its richness of musical style.

Goalporiya Lokageet: Goalporiya Lokgeet is a form of folk music of Assam, which is mainly sung in the Goalpara district of Assam. It is basically lyrical song of Goalpara based mainly on love.

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Musical Instruments of Assam

  

Musical Instruments of the Assam add to the rhythm of the festivals of the state. Assam is land of beautiful culture and tradition. To enrich the culture of this land, the traditional music of different tribes and sub-tribes of the state has played a major role. Music is an integral part of Assam and there are various musical instruments. It is the music of Assam through which everybody celebrates any festival or occasion and that is why there are abundance of musical instruments available across the state.

A list of some of the popular musical instruments of the Assamese and also the Bodo people from the state are given below;

Gogona - Gogona is a type of Jew’s harp, a reed instrument that is used for traditional music especially for Bihu. The Gogona is made of a piece of bamboo that has a bifurcation on one end. The solid end is gripped with teeth and the free end is struck repeatedly with fingers to emit the distinctive sound of the instrument.

Dhol - Dhol is an important part of the folk culture of Assam. This drum like instrument is used to maintain the merry rhythm of Bihu. People of Assam consider the Dhol to be the instrument of the Gods.

Singa or Pepa - The Singa or Pepa is an integral part of Bihu and hence an integral part of Assamese culture. The word Singa has come from Sing or horn and is made of a buffalo horn with a bamboo pipe thrust into it.

Khol - Khol is also known as Mridanga in Bengali language. It is a terracotta two-sided drum for devotional music. The khol is an integral part of Vaishnava music in Assam.

Tokari - The Tokari is a kind of musical instrument with a single string which is played with fingers. It is mainly used for Tokari Geet.

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Tourism in Meghalaya

  

With lush green landscapes, picturesque surroundings, white clouds and mists, the north eastern state of Meghalaya has been rightly called the ‘abode of clouds’. This Indian state is an incredibly beautiful tourist destination and over the years tourism in Meghalaya has proliferated immensely.

There are several national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and majestic waterfalls which enhance the beauty of the state. Meghalaya also offers adventure tourism in the form of mountaineering, rock climbing, trekking and hiking, caving and water sports. Discussed elaborately below are the prime activities and places that facilitate tourism in Meghalaya:

Cherrapunji: One of the wettest places on Earth, the town of Cherrapunji stands at an elevation of 1,484 m above the misty valleys and foaming rivers, sheltered in swirling clouds and perched on an escarpment. Most of the tourist attractions of Meghalaya are located here in this town, starting with waterfalls to caves and even national parks.

Some of the famous tourist spots in Cherrapunji are the Mawsmai Cave, Krem Mawmluh Cave, Nohkalikai Falls, double decker Living Root Bridge, Seven Sisters Falls, Dainthlen Falls, Krem Phyllut, Thangkharang Park, Eco Park, Kynrem Falls, Motrop or Khoh Ramhah, Dawki, Mawlynnong, Mawsmai Falls, Nongsawlia, Mawsynram, Khasi Monoliths and the Nokrek National Park.

Living Root Bridges of Meghalaya: Mostly common in the state of Meghalaya, the Living Root Bridges are handmade from the aerial roots of rubber fig trees and has a life span of up to 500 years. The Umshiang double decker Root Bridge of the Nongriat village is the most popular and is traversed by tourists frequently. There are three known examples of double bridges with two parallel or nearly parallel spans. Out of these, two are in the West Jaintia Hills near the villages of Padu and Nongbareh, and one is in Burma Village, in the East Khasi Hills.

Waterfalls of Meghalaya: The waterfalls of Meghalaya cascade down a great height into the steep mountains and are major tourist attractions. Nohkalikai, one of the tallest waterfalls in India is a major attraction in the state. Some of the other popular waterfalls in Meghalaya are the Elephant Falls, Shadthum Falls, Weinia Falls, Bishop Falls, Langshiang Falls and Sweet Falls.

Caves of Meghalaya: The state of Meghalaya is home to few of the longest cave passages in the country. It is seen that a large number of caves in Meghalaya are located in the low mountainous regions of the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills districts. Studies have revealed that out of the ten longest and deepest caves in India, the first nine are in Meghalaya. The Krem Liat Prah is the longest natural cave and Synrang Pamiang is the deepest.

National Parks of Meghalaya: There are many parks and wildlife sanctuaries in Meghalaya, some of them are Balpakram National Park, Nokrek National Park as well as the Nokrek Biosphere Elephant Reserve, Siju Bird Sanctuary, Baghmara Pitcher Plant Sanctuary and Nongkhyllem Sanctuary.

To explore more of Meghalaya, visit the link below:
https://www.indianetzone.com/26/meghalaya_tourism.htm