Assam, often called the gateway to Northeast India, is not only known for its lush tea gardens and vibrant festivals but also for its rich tradition of folk music. Rooted in the everyday lives of the people, Assamese folk music is a reflection of the state’s cultural diversity, spiritual practices, and agricultural lifestyle. It brings together influences from indigenous tribes, ancient rituals, and devotional traditions, weaving a soundscape that is both unique and timeless.
One of the most celebrated forms of Assamese folk music is Bihu songs, which are performed during the Bihu festival, marking the Assamese New Year and the beginning of the agricultural season. These songs are lively, rhythmic, and often accompanied by the dhol, pepa (a hornpipe made from buffalo horn), and taal (cymbals). Bihu songs express themes of love, joy, and youthful energy, capturing the spirit of spring and the deep connection between people and nature.
Equally important in the musical tradition of Assam is Borgeet, a form of devotional song introduced by the saint-scholar Srimanta Sankardeva in the 15th century. Sung in praise of Lord Krishna, Borgeet forms the backbone of Assamese Vaishnavite culture. Performed in monasteries called Sattras, these songs are set to ragas but are distinct from classical music, carrying a simplicity that makes them accessible to common people while retaining their devotional depth.
The tribal communities of Assam also contribute significantly to its folk music heritage. The Mising tribe, for instance, is known for Oi Nitom, songs that describe day-to-day life, love, and social customs. The Bodos, another major community, perform Bagurumba, a musical form often accompanied by graceful dances, showcasing their harmony with nature. Each tribe adds its own rhythm, instruments, and stories, enriching the musical landscape of the state.
Another noteworthy tradition is Zikir and Zari, folk songs introduced by the Muslim saint Ajan Fakir in the 17th century. Zikir songs focus on spiritual teachings, human values, and devotion to God, while Zari songs are connected to the mourning rituals of Muharram. These musical forms highlight the composite culture of Assam, where different faiths and traditions coexist and influence each other.
The instruments used in Assamese folk music are as distinctive as the songs themselves. The pepa, made from buffalo horn, produces a resonant sound that has become synonymous with Bihu celebrations. The dhol, with its powerful beats, provides the rhythmic backbone for many performances. Other instruments such as the gogona (a reed instrument), toka, and xutuli (a clay whistle shaped like a bird) bring variety and texture to the musical ensemble.
Today, while modern music and digital platforms are popular among the youth, Assamese folk music continues to hold its ground. Festivals, community gatherings, and cultural programs across the state keep these traditions alive, while many contemporary artists incorporate folk elements into modern genres, ensuring their relevance in changing times.
The folk
music of Assam is more than just a form of entertainment—it is a living
expression of the land’s history, spirituality, and collective identity. It
binds communities together, passes wisdom across generations, and celebrates
the rhythms of life in one of India’s most culturally vibrant states.
