Khayal Gharanas

  

Khayal, the classical Indian music is represented by a number of stylistically different schools called the Gharanas. Every Khayal Gharana has a few distinct features, a novel facet of their own which allows one to discriminate between the different schools while enabling one to identify the varied approach. The élan of the presentation, the dash in the approach and the stylistic features of the employing of the tans, bandish and alaap makes each of the khayal gharanas matchless and aesthetic. Gwalior Gharana, Agra Gharana, Kirana Gharana, Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana, Bhendi Bazaar Gharana, Patiala Gharana and Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana are some of the important gharanas of Khayal music.

Gwalior Gharana : Gwalior gharana began its journey somewhere in the 19th century, due to the earnest endurance of two devoted individuals. Their illustrious successors, after moving to the darbar of the Lucknow maharajas, were primarily responsible for evolving the style khayal as it is heard today. Gwalior gharana is universally acknowledged as the parent of all the gharanas, due to their obvious reasons for being the oldest, the largest, and one of the most permanent of all the surviving gharanas. Their distinguishable facets make them even more celebrated in this genre. Though some of them had clung to their ancient clan of thought for the gayaki style, some of the more recent singers had made a brilliant foray by letting in non-family members, thereby creating a musical revolution.

Agra Gharana: Agra gharana is always noted as the second wonder of Agra, only after the magnificient Taj Mahal. The founders of this gharana owe much to the dhrupad-dhammar singers, as it was from them that the Agra gharana members loaned the major piriton of their skillfulness. However, borrowing ingenuity from the dhrupadi singers, the Agra gharana was hugely successful in establishing a permanent position in the musical history. And they do not undermine their teachers - Agra is the only gharana, who boldly exhibit their dhrupadic roots. The most important member of this gharana, Ghagge Khuda Naksh, has a highly curious story behind his evolving of the melodious voice. Agra gharana is still holding its place steadfastly, with a stellar line-up of singers to choose from.

Kirana Gharana: Kirana gharana can be called unusual motley of contemporaneity and ancientness, carefully and ingenuously amalgamated to suit the audience of today. It is the only gharana that flourished entirely during the evolvement of the 20th century. Some although claim to possess roots in the dhrupadi gharana. The founding members of Kirana gharana were essentially sarangi players, which laid huge influence in their style of performance. However, it is Ustad Abdul Karim Khan, who can be called the most substantial member to have contributed whole-heartedly to make Kirana gharana stand, where it is today. He has an illustrious line-up of students and followers, who perform still today, with absolute élan and glory. Ustad Abdul Waheed Khan can be named the proponent to reintroduce the slow tempo (vilambit laya) in khayal once more, a fact that enormously attracted common man towards khayal form of classical music.

Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana: The Jaipur-Atrauli gharana is the only intellectual and pedantic school of music, that has stood its grounds with this unusual style of rendition, and quite successfully in that. They are also hewn with intricate and rhythmic patterns in khayal singing. By the sole effort of Ustad Alladiya Khan, the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana has also incorporated further facets to their style. It is known that the Ustad had lost his extremely beautiful voice after the age of 40. However, without being drowned by the setback, he additionally concentrated on the other features of singing, like swara and laya. Known to have rigorously guarded his secret of tutoring, he also had to loosen his rules to let in other exceptionally gifted young men and women to carry on his rich legacy. This school of music however, strictly goes by the book, with implementation of laya and rhythm, with elaboration, intricateness and complexity being stressed on all the three octaves.

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Christian Influence on Indian Cuisine

 

Christian Influence on Indian Cuisine has been marked since the days of the colonial rule in India. The food that has emerged as a result of the impact of Christian influence on Indian cuisine is referred to as ‘Anglo-Indian Food’. Indian cuisine is ancient, diverse and is an amalgamation of different religious influences. The two major factors which have influenced and significantly impacted the growth of different kinds of cooking styles and food habits in India are religion and climate. The idea of cooking and the food habit changed a lot with the coming of the Christian missionaries. This was further influenced by the European settlers who came to trade with and colonise the country in the 19th century.

Impact of Foreign Traders on Indian Cuisine
In the 19th century, English and Portuguese traders came to India, and the advent of European traders permanently changed many aspects of eating habit in the Indian subcontinent. For the Europeans, who came in search of Eastern spices, brought with them the vegetables they had discovered in the New World. The Portuguese introduced new crops like tobacco, potato, cashew, papaya, guava and a host of vegetables. Portuguese influences were found on West Indian cooking in Goa, and French influences on South Indian cooking in Puducherry.

Impact of Christian influence on Indian Cuisine
Christian Influence on Indian Cuisine introduced the native Indians to various cooking techniques. The Indian food now incorporated many local ingredients and cooking techniques with European influences. Indian food reflected European customs and traditions and items such as different flavoured cake or sandwiches reflected the authentic eating habit of the Christians.

The Indian food habits now tended to incorporate various new kinds of tastes and delicacies. The British introduced many new food items to the Indian diet such as soups and salads. The Syrian Arab Christians fled to India and took refuge under the king of Kerala. They too left a rather heavy influence in the field of Indian cuisine. Syrian Christian dishes are richly flavoured.

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Indian Craft

  

Indian Crafts are known throughout the world for their artistic work and grandeur. The deeply entrenched tradition of Indian Craft echoes the true colour of India whilst impressing generation after generation amidst their varied forms and styles. For people around the world, India is synonymous to exotic arts and handicraft traditions. A wide range of traditional Indian craft reflects the richness of Indian ethnic art and culture. The designs and finishes represent the excellent artistic skills of the craftsmen.

Indian Craft tradition has no parallel in the world, in diversity as well as in technique and use of materials. The craft traditions of India vary from region to region. These crafts not only cater to the day-to-day needs of the people but are also used for decorative and religious purposes.

Origin of Indian Craft
Indian Craft thrive to be the amalgamation of socio-political via religious influences that mapped India with the onward march of time and space. The spirit of indigenous India allied with the western advancement lie at the core of Indian Craft zone. The intriguing history and the fascinating past presently counts for the origin of Indian Crafts. The tradition of Indian craft has whirled around religious values, cultural influx, confined needs of the commoners, as well as the special needs of the clientele and royalty, along with an eye for overseas and home trade. Indian Craft is an enigma of arts and science; the art requiring talent and technique, and science relying on the knowledge within.

History of Indian Craft
The history of Indian Craft owes to one of the established civilizations of the globe while dating back to almost 5000 years from present. The primal references of Indian crafts were found in the remnants of Indus Valley Civilization (3000 B.C. – 1700 B.C.). The Indus valley civilization is abundant with numerous examples of crafts of ancient times. Beginning its journey in the age old days, the craft tradition in India has witnessed enough evolution.

Development of Indian Craft
Pre-historically Indian handicrafts were basically made for day after day use, the yearning for aesthetic application soon saw development of flooding designs and motifs. Indian textiles, permanent dyes had their far flung supremacy in ancient India; silk was exported from India to Europe in the 6th century A.D. Mughal era witnessed the patronage of brilliant artisans and craftsmen endowed with magical bliss and as a result Mughal carpets, ivory-bones-horns cravings and papier mache. Akbar, Shah Jahan, Jahangir invited the skilled artisans from all over the globe. With them breezed in their native art forms and Indian handicrafts sojourned to its pinnacle of perfection. The disintegration of the Mughal Empire even led to the rapid down fall in the craft industry as the later lost its powerhouse of patronage. Later, with the East India Company engaging in trade with India, Indian crafts were ousted, and decreased in volume. Indian markets were flooded with machine made goods from Europe. Later Swadeshi movement under Mahatma Gandhi's able leadership adhered to the dawn of reawakening for the plight of Indian craftsmen.

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Squash in India

  

Squash in India is run and managed by several national and state level organizations, which are an integral part of the Management of Indian Squash. The organization has taken several initiatives to promote the sport, conducting various training camps to bring up young and talent players from the grass roots levels.

History of Squash
Squash is the newest of the racket and ball games that have gained much popularity. The game originated at the Harrow School, England. It is said that in 1850, boys waiting for their turn to play rackets knocked a ball about in a confined space adjoining the rackets court. The area was so small that it was necessary to use a softer and slower ball-one which could be squashed with hand-thus giving the game its name. Initially the game was popular among the rich. The Squash Rackets Association was formed in 1929. Around the Second World War, the game became popular with the British troops. They built numerous courts in India and Egypt. Later it was the Royal Air Force which popularised the game by building courts at all its stations. The International Squash Rackets Federation's first meeting was held in 1967. The other members who participated in the meeting were England, Pakistan, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand and the United Arab Republic.

Apart from conducting training camps, the Indian Squash associations also organise various Squash tournaments in India. All the training camps and tournaments have played an important role in producing several accomplished squash players in India.

Indian Squash Players
Indian Squash players have distinguished themselves in several national, regional and international tournaments. They have also been honoured by the Government of India, which presented them the prestigious Arjuna Award from time to time. All the Arjuna awardees in Squash are the greatest players of Indian Squash and they have contributed a lot to the development of Indian Squash. Some Squash luminaries include Bhubneshwari Kumari (16 Women's National championship winner) who was awarded both the Arjuna Award in 1982 and the Padmashri in 2001, Capt. K.S. Jain (Arjuna Award winner and Arjan Singh (Arjuna Award winner). Dipika Pallikal is the topmost Indian squash player as of 2014. She is the first Indian woman to break into the top 10 in the Women's Squash Association rankings.

Training Camps of Squash
The training camps mainly teach the rules of Squash and terms of Squash and provide training on modern squash techniques. Though this game is a recent addition to the sports culture, but it is now played in over 130 countries.

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Indian Tribal People

  

Indian Tribal People or "Adivasi" is an umbrella term for the ethnic and tribal groups living in various states in India and Union Territories of the country. They are counted as a minor, but they occupy a larger part of the country as they are the original inhabitants in India.

According to Article 342 of the Constitution of India, there are 697 tribes in India as counted by the Central Government. These Indian tribal groups of people have been notified to occupy more than one State. More than half of the Indian tribal population is concentrated in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Jharkhand and Gujarat. Other Indian tribal societies are found in Rajasthan, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, West Bengal, Mizoram and other states in north eastern part of India.

History of Indian Tribal People
The "Adivasis" governed themselves outside the influence of the particular ruler. In Ramayana, the kingdom of the demonic king Ravana and Kishkinda, the homeland of the Vanaras were places situated south of Chitrakuta Hill and north of Narmada River in middle India. Accordingly, Ravana and his people was an aboriginal tribe in India, most probably the Gond, and the Vanaras, like Hanuman in the epic, belonged to the Savara and Korku tribes whose descendants still live in the forestry belt of Central India. Even today, the Gond holds Ravana, the villain of Ramayana, in high esteem as a chief.

Indian Puranic Tribe
In Mahabharata, it is referred that the demise of Lord Krishna at the hands of a Bhil Jaratha showed the existence of tribal people in India. In the ancient scriptures various terms are used depicting Adivasis as almost animals. The epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, the Puranas and Samhitas refer to Adivasis as Rakshasa (demons), Vanara (monkeys), Jambuvan (boar men), Naga (serpents), Bhusundi Kaka (crow), Garuda (King of Eagles), etc. In medieval India, they were called derogatorily as Kolla, Villa, Kirata, Nishada, and those who were subjugated as slaves and the robbers.

North East Indian Tribes
In the north eastern part of India, there is a concentration of a number of tribes. The tribal people of Meghalaya are categorised in two major groups namely the Garo tribe and Hynniewtrep. Chakma tribeis one of the important tribes of Mizoram. The tribes of Manipur are Aimol, Anal, Angami, Chiru, Chothe, Gangte, Hmar, Kabui, Kacha Naga, Koirao, Koireng, Kom, Lamgang, Mao, Maram, Maring, Lushai tribes, Monsang, Moyon, Paite, Purum, Ralte, Sema, Simte, Sukte, Tangkhul, Thadou, Vaiphei and Zou. Bodo tribe and Mishing tribe constitute the largest population in Assam.

North Indian Tribes
North India also encompasses many tribes. Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir have strictly descended from the Indo-Aryan group of people. Tribes of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand comprise a colossal portion under the north Indian tribal section, with variety speaking out from every section and every sphere of daily life.

Tribes of Haryana basically are consisted of nomadic and semi-nomadic individuals, with a somewhat decaying condition of their social and economic condition. Tribes of Himachal Pradesh can be singled out for their looks, good conduct and religious behaviour towards every kind of situations and places.

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