Moist deciduous forests in India are primarily located in the Eastern Highlands, which encompass parts of the states of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and the eastern fringes of Madhya Pradesh. These forests thrive in regions with a moderate climate and receive substantial rainfall, typically ranging between 1,000 and 2,000 mm annually. The Eastern Highlands are characterized by their undulating terrain, with altitudes ranging from 300 to 900 meters, creating an ideal environment for the growth of these forests.
Types
The moist deciduous forests in the Eastern Highlands are classified into two main types: northern moist deciduous forests and southern moist deciduous forests.
Northern Moist Deciduous Forests
These forests are predominantly found in the northern parts of the Eastern Highlands, especially in Jharkhand and Odisha. The primary tree species in these forests include sal (Shorea robusta), which is the dominant species, along with associates like teak (Tectona grandis), mango (Mangifera indica), and Indian kino tree (Pterocarpus marsupium). The understorey is rich in shrubs, grasses, and climbers, contributing to the forest's biodiversity.
Southern Moist Deciduous Forests
Located in the southern parts of the Eastern Highlands, these forests are prevalent in Chhattisgarh and parts of eastern Madhya Pradesh. The composition of these forests is slightly different, with a higher prevalence of teak (Tectona grandis) and other species such as axlewood (Anogeissus latifolia), Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica), and Terminalia species. These forests also support a diverse range of shrubs, herbs, and climbers in the understorey.
Significance in the Ecology of India
Moist deciduous forests are a critical component of India's biodiversity. They provide habitat for a variety of flora and fauna, including several endemic and endangered species. Mammals such as tigers, leopards, elephants, and deer rely on these forests for their survival. Additionally, these forests are home to numerous bird species, reptiles, and insects, contributing to the overall ecological balance.
Rising at an elevation of 914 m, the Indravati River rises in the Kalahandi district of Odisha on the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats. It is a tributary of the Godavari River and is known to be the largest river in the Bastar district of the state of Chhattisgarh. The Indravati River flows for 535 km and has a drainage area of 41, 665 sq. km.
Water Conservation
These forests play a vital role in water conservation. The dense canopy and rich understorey vegetation help in reducing soil erosion, maintaining soil fertility, and regulating water flow in the region. The forests act as natural water reservoirs, absorbing rainfall and gradually releasing it, thus sustaining rivers and streams during the dry season.
Climate Regulation
Moist deciduous forests significantly contribute to climate regulation. Through the process of photosynthesis, these forests absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, helping in mitigating the effects of climate change. The forests also influence local weather patterns by maintaining humidity levels and promoting rainfall through transpiration.
Livelihood and Cultural Importance
For many indigenous communities living in the Eastern Highlands, these forests are an integral part of their livelihood and culture. The forests provide a source of food, medicine, fuelwood, and non-timber forest products like honey, lac, and resin. Moreover, these forests hold cultural significance, with many communities practicing traditional rituals and customs associated with the forest.
Conservation Efforts
Given their ecological importance, several conservation efforts are underway to protect and preserve the moist deciduous forests in the Eastern Highlands. Government initiatives, such as the establishment of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks, along with community-based conservation programs, aim to safeguard these forests from threats like deforestation, illegal logging, and encroachment.
The moist deciduous forests of the Eastern Highlands of
India are a vital ecological asset. They support a rich biodiversity,
contribute to water and climate regulation, and hold significant cultural and
economic importance for local communities. Ensuring their preservation is
essential for maintaining ecological balance and sustaining the diverse life
forms that depend on them.
